最新二十篇文章公告:判決與法律命令之解析、契約與商業模式之範例
提供企業從事國內外商務交易上,所須知的各種法律規定及其風險的預防控管,而就各種法律規定、各項商業模式、各別法院判決與常用契約範本而寫的參考文章。本部落格之文章可讀性高、內容廣泛,從日常生活常見的買賣、租賃、公寓大廈管理到公司經營常見的產業模式、新創募資、合夥協議、投資併購、盡職調查、勞資關係、公司治理、上市上櫃、證券交易、技術移轉、經銷代理、國際商品買賣、供應鏈協議(OBM、ODM、OEM)、專利、商標、著作權、營業秘密保護相關之題目都有。本部落格的文章及其回覆,不代表本所的正式法律意見。如需進行各種商業交易的合法審查、各國商務契約的草擬談判、提起訴訟或應訊應訴、專利商標著作權之申請、授權及訴訟。 請就近聯繫 請聯繫新竹所03-668-2582 E-mail:info@zoomlaw.net 本所詳細資訊請自行參閱:http://www.zoomlaw.net 所長法學博士范國華律師敬啟

On 1 June 2012 the Australian Solicitors Conduct Rule (ASCR) will commence. The ASCR replaces the Solicitors Rule 2007. The ASCR rules provide a guideline for lawyers when making ethical decisions. These rules apply to all lawyers (solicitors) within Australia, including Australian-registered foreign lawyers.

First of all, lawyers in Australia have paramount duty to the court and the administration of justice which prevail to the extent of inconsistency with any other duties. Lawyers must act in the best interest of a client in any matter and be honest and courteous in all dealings when performing legal duties. Lawyers however must not engage in conduct that is not fit and proper when practicing law. This is especially the case when it can be prejudicial; diminish the public confidence or the administration of justice and to bring the profession into disrepute.

It is important for lawyers to provide timely and clear advice to assist clients to understand relevant legal issues and to make informed choices about action to be taken during the course of a matter. Lawyers however must keep its confidential duty at all times. Lawyers during the client’s engagement must not disclose anything to any other person who is not a partner, director, principal, employee or any other persons relating to the legal practice. Nevertheless, lawyers may disclose client’s confidential information only if the client expressly or impliedly authorizes to disclose, lawyers are permitted or is compelled by law to disclose; lawyers disclose the information for the purpose of avoiding commission of a serious criminal offence.

Lawyers must avoid conflicts between the duties owed to current and former clients. If lawyers need to represent two or more clients in the same or related matters where the clients’ interests are adverse and there is a conflict or potential conflict of the duties to act in the best interests of each client, lawyers must not represent one of the clients.

Lawyers with designated responsibility for a client’s matter must ensure completion of the legal services for the matter unless such legal practice is discharged with client’s consent, discharged from the engagement by the client, terminates with reasonable notice, the engagement comes to an end by operation of law. Client document here means documents to which a client is entitled. Lawyers with designated responsibility for a client’s matter must ensure that upon completion or termination of the legal practice’s engagement, lawyers may destroy client documents after a period of seven (7) years has elapsed. This means that lawyers must retain, confidentially and securely for at least six (6) years.

When you represent more than one client in a matter, client documents including but not limited to briefs, instructions, drafts, copies made for the client’s benefit of letters received, file notes, memorandums would belong to all clients jointly. Such client documents can only be given to third party with consent of all clients. Each client is entitled to have a copy of the relevant jointly-owned documents at their own expense.

Most client documents however are considered as client’s property. However please note that NOT ALL DOCUMENTS handed to lawyers will be the client’s property. Some client documents would be considered as lawyer’s property. You would need to make such distinguishment. What are considered as client’s document would be documents prepared by lawyers for the client or predominately for the purposes of the client or matter. Documents that are received by lawyers from a third party in the course of retainer and that document is for the purpose of client’s matter and was intended for the use or information of that client.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   


Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

   為杜絕傳染病之發生、傳染及蔓延,我國有傳染病防治法作為規範、管理之依據。當出現傳染病或疑似可能之病例時,醫師、法醫師及相關醫事人員負有報告義務,醫師、法醫師依本法第39條第1[1]:「醫師診治病人或醫師、法醫師檢驗、解剖屍體,發現傳染病或疑似傳染病時,應立即採行必要之感染控制措施,並報告當地主管機關。」而醫師以外之醫事人員則依第40條第1項之規定[2]:「醫師以外醫事人員執行業務,發現傳染病或疑似傳染病病人或其屍體時,應即報告醫師或依前條第二項規定報告當地主管機關。」違反者,可處新臺幣九萬元以上四十五萬元以下罰鍰[3]

 

為確實掌控疫情、避免疫情擴大,對於傳染病之報告法律亦有時間規範,依本法第39條第2:「前項病例之報告,第一類、第二類傳染病,應於二十四小時內完成;第三類傳染病應於一週內完成,必要時,中央主管機關得調整之;第四類、第五類傳染病之報告,依中央主管機關公告之期限及規定方式為之。」

第四類、第五類傳染病之報告時限、處置措施以及屍體處置方式則可參照衛福部第四類與第五類傳染病之防治措施。

 

 

        除醫事人員負有報告義務之外,以下人員依法負有通知之義務[4]

一、病人或死者之親屬或同居人。

二、旅館或店鋪之負責人。

三、運輸工具之所有人、管理人或駕駛人。

Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

 


  接續前篇的討論,設計專利舉發事由與核駁理由的共通部分包含有:

  專利法第121條至第124條分別為適格性、專利要件、擬制喪失新穎性及法定排除標的的相關規定;第126條為說明書須明確且充分揭露並可據以實現;第127條為衍生設計之相關規定;第128條第1項至第3項為先申請原則;第131條第3項、第132條第3項、第133條第2項、第43條第2項、第44條第2項、第3項及第108條第3項分別為改請案、補正之中文本,不得超出原申請案申請時說明書、申請專利範圍或圖式及外文本所揭露範圍之相關規定。至於第142條第1項準用第34條第4項、第43條第2項及第44條第3項分別為分割案、修正、補正中文本之誤譯訂正,不得超出原申請案申請時說明書、申請專利範圍或圖式及外文本所揭露範圍之相關規定。

  由於設計專利之定義與標的與發明和新型專利具有較大的差異,其專利要件之新穎性與創作性要求亦與發明和新型專利具有不同的形式與判斷標準。

  然而,設計專利在各項規定的形式上,除了衍生設計的相關規定之外,其餘規定雖引用條文與發明專利不同,然原則上與發明專利之規定並無差異,在此不再贅述。

  前述衍生設計之相關規定包含有第127條及第131條第3項。其中第127條為衍生設計的定義及相關規定:

  「同一人有二個以上近似之設計,得申請設計專利及其衍生設計專利。

  衍生設計之申請日,不得早於原設計之申請日。

  申請衍生設計專利,於原設計專利公告後,不得為之。

文章標籤

Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

 


  接續前篇的討論,就設計專利而言,專利法第141條規定:

  「設計專利權有下列情事之一,任何人得向專利專責機關提起舉發:

  一、違反第121條至第124條、第126條、第127條、第128條第1項至第3項、第131條第3項、第132條第3項、第133條第2項、第139條第2項至第4項、第142條第1項準用第34條第4項、第142條第1項準用第43條第2項、第142條第1項準用第44條第3項規定者。

  二、專利權人所屬國家對中華民國國民申請專利不予受理者。

  三、違反第12條第1項規定或設計專利權人為非設計專利申請權人者。

  以前項第3款提起舉發者,限於利害關係人始得為之。

  設計專利權得提起舉發之情事,依其核准審定時之規定。但以違反第131條第3項、第132條第3項、第139條第2項、第4項、第142條第1項準用第34條第4項或第142條第1項準用第43條第2項規定之情事,提起舉發者,依舉發時之規定。」

  對於設計專利申請案之核駁事由,專利法第134條規定:

文章標籤

Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

為保障國人對食品器具、食品容器或包裝知的權利,維護飲食健康,我國《食品安全衛生管理法》第26條規定:

「經中央主管機關公告之食品器具、食品容器或包裝,應以中文及通用符號,明顯標示下列事項:

一、品名。

二、材質名稱及耐熱溫度;其為二種以上材質組成者,應分別標明。

三、淨重、容量或數量。

四、國內負責廠商之名稱、電話號碼及地址。

五、原產地(國)。

六、製造日期;其有時效性者,並應加註有效日期或有效期間。

七、使用注意事項或微波等其他警語。

八、其他經中央主管機關公告之事項。」

Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

 

 

  接續前篇的討論,關於專利法第71條第1項第3款的規定:

  「三、違反第12條第1項規定或發明專利權人為非發明專利申請權人。」

  其中,專利法第12條第1項規定:「專利申請權為共有者,應由全體共有人提出申請。」

  另外,專利法第71條第2項規定:「以前項第3款提起舉發者,限於利害關係人始得為之。」

  由於發明專利申請時,依專利法第25條第1項規定,只須備具申請書、說明書、申請專利範圍、摘要及必要之圖式,即可向專利專責機關提出申請。由申請書上填具的資料,並無法判斷專利申請權是否為共有,亦無法判斷申請人是否為專利申請權人。因此,專利申請案於審查階段,無法對此情形進行處理,而須由知情者於專利核准公告後,依法提起舉發。

  由於依第71條第1項第3款所提起之舉發,並未涉及到專利要件,只是權利歸屬的爭執,因為只屬於當事人之間的私益紛爭,故另訂第71條第2項規定,限於利害關係人始得提起舉發。


  除前述法定舉發事由之外,若以單獨以非法定舉發事由提出舉發申請者,例如專利違反優惠期、國際優先權、國內優先權、單一性或一發明一申請等規定,將會被專利專則機關直接駁回。

文章標籤

Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

    1990年代歐洲發生一系列食品安全危機,如狂牛症、口蹄疫等,受污染的食物嚴重威脅人民的健康,引發人民的恐慌以及對於食品安全的不信任,為了處理這些問題,國家開始重視食品安全的管控,從以往只注重食品規範的經貿層面轉向以公共健康與消費者保障為主的食品政策導向。同時,隨著科技的快速發展,食品不斷推陳出新,面對食品安全領域開始出現許多無法有確切科學證據證明的危險,專家學者決定參考環境領域引入預警原則,因為該領域同樣受到潛在危害的威脅,卻無法透過科學證明風險之存在,再加上隨著保障公共健康、環境與消費者的概念逐漸抬頭,這樣的觀念成為許多政策制定的執行目標。

    最重要的是歐洲議會和理事會在2002年制訂「歐盟一般食品法」(Regulation ECNO178/2002),將2000年食品安全白皮書相關內容納入此規範中,發布食品安全之一般原則以及要求規範,奠定了食品安之基礎架構,並對會員國產生法律上的拘束力,要求於2007年會員國即應全面地調整成各內國法。其中第6條(即為我國食品安全衛生管理法第4條立法參考法條),該條針對風險分析做出規範,內容提到:「

1. 為了高度保護人類健康和生命的目標,食品法規應以風險分析為基礎。

2. 風險評估應以獨立、客觀和透明的科學證據為基礎。

3. 風險管理應考慮風險估計的結果,尤其是第22條法規所提及職權單位的意見,第7條法規(1)所說明的條件,考慮其合法原因和預警原則,以達第5條法規中食品法之一般目的。[1]

本條中提及第22條所規定之單位即為歐盟食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA),根據一般食品法,歐盟成立了歐盟食品安全局,歐盟食品安全局成立的主要目的是提供獨立整合的科學意見,特別是在食品安全評估的部分,讓歐盟決策單位面對食物鍊直接與間接相關問題及潛在風險能做出適當的決定,以提供歐洲公民安全高品質的食物。

而條文中提及「第5條之一般目的」指的是食品法規應高度保障人類生命和健康,維護消費者權益,包括食品貿易的公平交易,以及於適當時保護動植物之健康、福利和環境。

 

參考:林昱梅(2015),〈論食品安全管理法制中之預防原則:以歐盟與臺灣為中心〉,《臺大法學論叢》,44卷特刊,頁1037-1152

 

[1] 英文原文:Article 6 Risk analysis

Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

There are three questions to be asked before looking into whether a person may recover the amounts claimed or any part thereof in the contract. They are: the nature of the contract, the nature of the obligations; and the degree of performance which was rendered.

There are two types of contract when it comes to the nature of contract. They are divisible contract and lump sum contract. A divisible contract is one for which the consideration is apportioned according to the work to be done. One contract would be divided between the performance of work and the payment of consideration expressly.[1] A lump sum contract is one which provides for payment of specified sum on completion of specific work.[2] When the court look at the performing party’s whole obligations under the contract, the court would see whether the performance rendered satisfies the requirements of the contract as a whole. Nevertheless if a party who partially performs a lump sum contract will not be entitled to the contract price when it comes to damages and claim. They may however be entitled to damages or quantum meruit in some circumstances.[3]

It is important to look at the nature of obligation when it is not a divisible contract. The parties’ obligations under the contract can either be entire or non-entire. If obligation is entire, the contract will only be payable in exchange for exact performance for which the contract would be performed exactly according to the contract terms. If the contract however is not entire, the party will be entitled to claim the contract price in exchange for substantial performance of the contract.

When you wish to recover money from contract breaches, you would also need to look at the degree of performance. You would need to know whether the performance required by the contract rendered sufficiently in accordance with the contract so as to entitle that party to payment of the contract price either for the whole of the contract or the relevant divisible parts. Contractual party wishing to recover the price may have performed the contract exactly, substantially, or only in a partial way.

If there is exact performance, you can cover the whole contract price. If however a contract or part of a divisible contract is substantially performed, the party will be entitled to the contract price less an amount for rectifying the defects in the performance.[4] A party will be considered to have substantially performed a contract where such the defects in the goods or services are of a minor nature. The court would look into the nature of the defects and the relative costs of rectifying the defect compare to the contract price.[5]

There are two alternative remedies when it comes to partial performance. The first is for the party who has undertaken work or has provided services or goods to seek damages for the breach of the other party. Another option is to make a claim in quantum meruit, meaning reasonable value of services performed by the party. Quantum meruit is a claim in restitution for the return of a benefit provided to the other party. This is especially the case when a party performs a valuable service for another party in a written contract or agreement before performing the service. The purpose of quantum meruit is to prevent unjust enrichment of the other party. Quantum meruit can be used in situations where there is no contract existence or where a contract does exist but for some reasons which is not enforceable. A court may measure how much the other party (the defendant) has benefited from the transaction or performance and to determine how much the party (the plaintiff) has expended in materials and services.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             


[1] Steele v Tardiani (1946) 72 CLR 386.

[2] Hoening v Isaacs [1952] 2 All ER 176.

Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

關鍵字:頂樓屋頂漏水、管委會責任、公寓大廈管理條例、無因管理

相關法條 公寓大廈管理條例第7條第3款、第10條、第36條第2款、民法第172條、第174條、第176

事實摘要

原告甲住公寓大廈頂樓,頂樓為公用部分(甲並無加蓋),屋頂平臺因年久失修,致每逢連日降雨住處就會滲水,產生壁癌。甲向管委會要求修繕未果,自費修繕後,向管委會求償。

原告主張

  1. 系爭公寓大廈之屋頂平臺屬於系爭大廈之共有部分,不得約定為專用部分,此部分之修繕、管理、維護,依公寓大廈管理條例第10條第2項規定,應由管委會被告為之。
  2. 原告甲並無修繕義務,已向管委會多次反應未果,因管委會被告未盡其應修繕義務而代為修繕,支付之修繕費用亦為必要或有益於被告,原告甲得以此請求被告償還修繕費用。

被告主張

  1. 頂樓住戶共有3戶,然另2戶之頂樓平台狀況良好,未有龜裂、損壞或漏水之情形發生,房屋問題起因於原告甲私自加蓋夾層屋,破壞公寓大廈原有鋼筋水泥樑柱結構所致。
  2. 壁癌為台灣居家常見問題,其發生之最主要原因係充足的濕氣,大廈住戶多有發生壁癌之情況,並非僅有原告甲有此問題。
  3. 依民法第172條要件規定,原告之修繕行為,須不違反本人(管委會,即被告)明示或可得推知之意思。原告擅自雇工施作系爭屋頂平台之防水工程,管委會(被告)根本未曾接受通知,已違反民法第173條規定;再者,依民法第173條規定,管理人(原告)在無急迫之情事下,應俟本人(被告)之指示。故原告主張無因管理而向被告請求給付修繕費用,於法自屬無據。

法院判決

  1. 管委會被告雖辯稱系爭屋頂平台係因原告私自加蓋夾層屋,破壞系爭大樓原有鋼筋水泥樑柱結構,始時有漏水情形云云,惟查,系爭公寓大廈屋頂平台之防水層係因施作年久而失其效用。
  2. 原告甲本無修繕系爭屋頂平台之義務,縱其自行僱工修繕未確實修復漏水,亦不能謂原告等應就系爭屋頂平台現仍漏水之情形負修繕之責。
  3. 屋頂平台之修繕、維護本屬管委會責任,原告甲已先向管委會反應漏水情事,在被告遲未為積極處理後,始雇工進行修繕。又原告修繕系爭屋頂平台係為管理會盡公益上義務即公寓大廈管理條例所定修繕義務所為之管理,原告因此先行墊付之修繕費用,縱違反被告之意思,依民法第176條仍得依無因管理之法律關係請求被告返還。

 

 

 

Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

由於藥物對於人體健康的影響甚鉅,因此相較於照消費者保護法第24[1]對於產品之描述有更嚴格之規範,藥事法第75條規定:「藥物之標籤、仿單或包裝,應依核准刊載左列事項:

一、廠商名稱及地址。

二、品名及許可證字號。

三、批號。

四、製造日期及有效期間或保存期限。

五、主要成分含量、用量及用法。

六、主治效能、性能或適應症。

七、副作用、禁忌及其他注意事項。

八、其他依規定應刊載事項。

前項第四款經中央衛生主管機關明令公告免予刊載者,不在此限。

Zoomlaw 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()